The Bushfaller’s Blueprint: Cameroon’s Lucrative Hospitality Sector.
By Banyong Fonyam Jonie Jr
Many Cameroonians in the diaspora, often referred to as bushfallers share a common dream: to establish a successful, income-generating business back in Cameroon. It’s a familiar topic in our conversations, whether over the phone or in person, and you might be surprised to find that a significant majority—over 70%—often have remarkably similar business ideas.
If the gentlemen aren’t planning to open a lounge, snack bar, pub, hotel, guest house, or rental apartments,the ladies are inclined towards opening restaurants, catering and events management, or unisex beauty salons offering manicures, pedicures, and makeup services. A smaller, tech-savvy group is focused on developing applications to facilitate services like money transfers or mobility solutions.
Recognizing this trend, I thought it wise to shed some light on the hospitality and leisure sector specifically. This is for our fellow bushfallers and all potential investors who are looking to set up a business in Cameroon.
The hospitality and retail drink sector in Cameroon—encompassing hotels, lounges, pubs, bars, and liquor stores presents a significant opportunity for growth and profitability. Cameroon’s rich cultural heritage, growing urban middle class, our breathtaking landscapes, wildlife and tourism potential make it an attractive market. However, the regulatory framework governing this sector is complex and multi-layered, requiring strict adherence to avoid severe penalties, including heavy fines, temporary closure, or even criminal liability. The government has laid a foundation for growth with a modern legal framework designed to foster a competitive, professional, and sustainable industry.
With my years of experience in corporate, commercial, and regulatory law, I possess the deep expertise necessary to guide you through every step of establishing and operating your business successfully and in full compliance with Cameroonian law.
The sector is governed primarily by Law No. 2016/006 and its detailed application text, Decree No. 2022/5075/PM. Understanding this framework is not just about compliance—it’s about de-risking your investment and ensuring long-term operational stability.
Foundational Business Registration & Structuring
Before any sector-specific permits can be obtained, your business must be legally recognized in Cameroon.
1. Choice of Business Structure:
Individual Enterprise (Entreprise Individuelle): Simple but offers no separation between personal and business assets. Not recommended for liability reasons.
Limited Liability Company (SARL – Société à Responsabilité Limitée): The most common structure for SMEs. Limits shareholder liability to their capital contribution.
Public Limited Company (SA – Société Anonyme): Suitable for larger investments and potential future public listing. Requires a higher minimum capital and a more complex governance structure.
Branch of a Foreign Company: For international brands expanding into Cameroon.
2. Registration Procedures:
Reservation of Company Name: At the Centre de Formalités des Entreprises (CFE).
Drafting of Statutes: Preparation of the company’s constitutional documents.
Registration with the CFE: This one-stop shop handles registration with the Registre du Commerce et du Crédit Mobilier (RCCM), tax authorities (Impôts), and social security (CNPS).
Obtaining a Unique Identifier: Your business will receive a Numéro d’Identification Fiscale (NIF).
How We Can Assist: Our firm will advise on the optimal corporate structure for your goals, handle all documentation, liaise with the CFE on your behalf, and ensure a swift and error-free registration process.
Sector-Specific Licenses & Permits (The Core of Your Operation)
This is the most critical regulatory area. Operating without these licenses is illegal.
1. Liquor License (Licence de Débit de Boissons):
This is the fundamental license for selling alcoholic beverages for consumption on-premises (bars, pubs, hotels, lounges) or off-premises (liquor stores). The law classifies establishments into four categories:
1st Category: Sells non-alcoholic beverages only.
2nd Category: Sells fermented beverages (beer, cider, wine) for consumption on-site.
3rd Category: Sells distilled spirits (whisky, gin, vodka, etc.) for consumption on-site. This is the most common and relevant license for lounges, pubs, and hotel bars.
4th Category: “Off-licence” for retail sale of packaged alcoholic beverages to be consumed elsewhere (liquor stores).
Application is made to the local Council (Mairie) where the premises are located. It involves an investigation by the local police, health, and tax authorities and often requires a public notice. The license is subject to an annual tax.
2. Hotel Classification Certificate:
For hotel operators, mandatory classification by the Ministry of Tourism is required. The star rating (1 to 5 stars) is based on infrastructure, amenities, and service quality. Operating an unclassified hotel is illegal.
3. Operating Permit (Permis d’Exploitation):
Issued by the Mayor’s office, this permit certifies that your premises comply with local urban planning regulations, safety standards, and hygiene codes.
4. Music and Entertainment License:
If you plan to play music (live or recorded), host DJs, or have any form of public entertainment, you must obtain a license from the Cameroon Civil Society of Musical Rights (SOCADRAM) to comply with copyright law and avoid infringement claims.
How We Can Assist: We manage the entire application process for these critical licenses: preparing dossiers, submitting applications, following up with the myriad of administrations (Council, Police, Tourism, etc.), and representing you in any hearings or inquiries. Our network and understanding of bureaucratic nuances are invaluable here.
Key Regulatory Compliance Areas
1. Tax Obligations:
Corporate Income Tax (IRC): Standard rate is 33% on profits.
Value Added Tax (VAT – TVA): 19.25% on goods and services.
Business License Tax (Patente): An annual tax levied by the council based on the rental value of your premises and the type of activity.
Presumptive Taxation (Forfait): For smaller businesses, the tax authorities may impose a fixed annual tax bill.
2. Labour and Employment Law:
Employment Contracts: Mandatory written contracts under the Cameroon Labour Code.
National Social Insurance Fund (CNPS): Mandatory registration and monthly contributions for pension and health insurance.
Standard Working Hours: Regulated, with specific rules for overtime, night work, and work on public holidays—common in the hospitality sector.
Health and Safety: You must provide a safe working environment and comply with all hygiene regulations (e.g., food handling certificates for kitchen staff).
3. Health, Safety, and Environmental Standards:
Fire Safety Certificate: Issued by the fire brigade after inspection of premises (extinguishers, exits, alarms).
Health Inspection Certificate: From the Ministry of Public Health, confirming compliance with hygiene standards, especially for establishments serving food.
Environmental Compliance: Proper waste management, particularly for glass bottles and organic waste, is mandatory.
4. Municipal By-Laws:
Local councils have their own regulations regarding operating hours, noise levels, outdoor seating (terraces), and signage. Violating these can lead to immediate fines and closure orders.
Ongoing Operations & Potential Legal Pitfalls
Age Restrictions: It is illegal to sell alcohol to minors (under 18). Staff must be trained to check ID.
Trading Hours: While national law sets a framework, local councils can impose stricter closing times.
Noise Nuisance: A primary source of neighbor disputes and legal action. Soundproofing and managing entertainment volume is crucial.
Liability: Your business can be held liable for incidents on your premises (e.g., accidents, fights) or for serving alcohol to intoxicated persons.
Pertaining to tourist establishments,choosing your Authorization path is primodial.
Your project dictates your required authorization from the Ministry of Tourism and Leisure (MINTOUL). The regime is specific:
· Construction/Extension Authorization: Required before building or significantly modifying any tourist establishment (hotel, restaurant, leisure park, etc.). Key takeaway: This permit is valid for only two years and is non-renewable.
· Operating License (“Exploitation”): Required to open your doors to the public. This license is valid for ten years and is renewable.
· License for Tourist Agencies: For tour operators and travel agencies.
· Approval (“Agrément”): For individual professionals like tourist guides and leisure activity leaders.
The Application Process
The application process is rigorous and demands a meticulous dossier. Key requirements often include:
· Proof of professional qualifications for directors/managers.
· A valid building permit and town planning certificate.
· A safety plan approved by the National Fire Brigade.
· Mandatory professional liability insurance from a CIMA-approved company.
· Proof of payment of substantial, non-refundable application fees, which are category-specific (e.g., a 5-star hotel construction file fee is 1,000,000 XAF).
A professional tip I will share with you is that the law mandates a 45-day processing limit. The administration’s silence after this period is considered a tacit approval, a crucial legal point that can be leveraged.
Beyond the Permit: The Culture of Compliance
Your obligations don’t end with securing a license. The law enforces a culture of compliance to protect the industry’s integrity and, most importantly, your clients.
· Classification: You must operate strictly within your officially classified category (e.g., a 3-star hotel cannot market itself as a 4-star).
· Signage: Displaying the official MINTOUL signboard is a legal requirement.
· Ethical Operations: Cameroon has a zero-tolerance policy towards activities that exploit the vulnerable, particularly children. The penalties here are the most severe.
The Cost of Non-Compliance
The financial penalties for violations are significant and can swiftly erode profitability. Fines range from 50,000 XAF for minor infractions to over 2,000,000 XAF for severe breaches like child exploitation. Beyond fines, MINTOUL has the power to suspend operations or order the definitive closure of an establishment.
How Fonyam and Partners Can Be Of Assistance
Our firm offers end-to-end legal support to secure your investment and ensure seamless operations:
Strategic Advisory & Entity Formation: We advise on the optimal investment structure and handle all incorporation formalities.
License & Permit Procurement: We are your single point of contact for securing all required sector-specific licenses, navigating the bureaucracy efficiently.
Regulatory Compliance Audit: We conduct thorough audits of your existing or prospective business to identify and rectify compliance gaps.
Contract Drafting & Review: We prepare and review all necessary contracts, including employment agreements, supplier contracts, lease agreements, and management contracts.
Tax Advisory & Representation: We provide tax planning advice and represent you in dealings with the tax authorities (DGI).
Dispute Resolution & Litigation: We represent clients in negotiations, administrative hearings, and, if necessary, in court for disputes related to licenses, contracts, labour issues, or liability claims.
Ongoing Corporate Secretarial Services: We act as your registered legal address and manage ongoing statutory filing requirements.
Investing in Cameroon’s hospitality and leisure sector is a promising venture, but its success is heavily dependent on strict regulatory compliance. The process can be daunting, time-consuming, and fraught with risk.The regulatory framework, while complex, is designed to create a level playing field and ensure quality and safety. The key to unlocking Cameroon’s tourism potential lies in understanding and integrating these legal requirements into your business plan from the outset.
By engaging Fonyam and Partners as your legal counsel, you gain more than just a service provider; you gain a strategic partner. We leverage our years of experience and deep institutional knowledge to protect your investment, mitigate risks, and allow you to focus on what you do best: running a successful and profitable establishment.
Contact us today for a confidential consultation to discuss your specific project and how we can pave the way for your success.
Banyong Fonyam Jonie Jr
Managing Partner,Fonyam & Partners.